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ABSTRACT Background: Chagas disease (CD) is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and transmitted by triatomines. Historical information from the 20th century demonstrates T. cruzi records in the metropolitan region of Salvador (MRS), the third largest urban agglomeration in the Brazilian Northeast and the eighth largest in Brazil, an area with intense migratory activity from CD-endemic regions. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate CD indicators (prevalence and mortality) in the MRS. Methods: A mixed ecological and descriptive study was conducted using secondary data. We analyzed data from 2008 to 2015: deaths due to CD, self-reported cases of CD, and blood donors that were non-negative for T. cruzi infection. Results: São Francisco do Conde was one of the municipalities with the highest mortality rates due to CD. The seroprevalence rates varied by year and municipality; those with the highest values were 2008: Vera Cruz, 2009: Mata de São João, 2010: Dias D'Ávila, 2011 and 2015: São Francisco do Conde, 2012: São Sebastião do Passé, and 2013 and 2014: Pojuca. Spatial correlations between the municipalities were not detected. Conclusions: We conclude that CD is present in the MRS. The indicators analyzed in the MRS are below-state-level data. Given the importance of indicator analysis for the surveillance and control of CD at the state and national levels, it is important to strengthen the surveillance program at the municipal level, including the regions classified as low risk for T. cruzi vector transmission.

https://doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0185-2022

Guidelines for Trypanosoma cruzi-HIV Co-infection and other Immunosuppressive Conditions: Diagnosis, Treatment, Monitoring, and Implementation from the International Network of Care and Studies - 2023
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Almeida, Eros Antonio de

; Mendes, Fernanda de Souza Nogueira Sardinha

; Ramos Júnior, Alberto Novaes

; Sousa, Andréa Silvestre de

; Pavan, Tycha Bianca Sabaini

; Mediano, Mauro Felippe Felix

; Ostermayer, Alejandro Luquetti

; Hasslocher-Moreno, Alejandro Marcel

; Britto, Constança Felicia De Paoli de Carvalho

; Novaes, Christina Gallafrio

; Correia, Dalmo

; Santos, Fred Luciano Neves

; Silva, Gilberto Marcelo Sperandio da

; Fernandez, Marisa Liliana

; Lima, Mayara Maia

; Carvalho, Noêmia Barbosa de

; Moreira, Otacílio da Cruz

; Albajar-Viñas, Pedro

; Leite, Ruth Moreira

; Palmeira, Swamy Lima

; Costa, Veruska Maia da

; Yasuda, Maria Aparecida Shikanai

Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical

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2023, Volume 56 elocation e0549-2023

Resumo: Pt | Texto: Pt | PDF: Pt

https://doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0549-2023

Seroprevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection among blood donors in the state of Bahia, Brazil
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Miranda, Diego Lopes Paim

; Ribeiro Jr, Gilmar

; Lanza, Fernanda Cardoso

; Santos, Fred Luciano Neves

; Reis, Renato Barbosa

; Fraga, Deborah Bittencourt Mothé

; Silva, Luciano Kalabric

; Silva Neto, Marinho Marques da

; Santana, Iraildes de Jesus

; Reis, Mitermayer Galvão dos

Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical

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2019, Volume 52 elocation e20190146

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Chagas disease (CD) affects 5.7-7.0 million individuals worldwide, and its prevalence reached 25.1% in the state of Bahia, Brazil. There is an association between the prevalence of CD, the socioeconomic status of the population, and the risk of re-emergence due to non-vectorial transmission, such as blood transfusion. This study determined the seroprevalence of T. cruzi infection among blood donors in the state of Bahia, located in northeastern Brazil, and their epidemiological profile during a 10-year period. METHODS: We performed a descriptive cross-sectional study involving a database review. Data were collected from patients with non-negative results for T. cruzi infection during a 10-year period. RESULTS: A total of 3,084 (0.62%) samples were non-negative for T. cruzi infection in an initial serological screening, and 810 (0.16%) samples were non-negative in the second screening. The correlation between infection and age (30 years or older) and between infection and lower educational level (12 years or less) in the first and second screening was statistically significant. The seroprevalence of T. cruzi infection was higher in men in the first screening. In addition, 99.52% of the municipalities of Bahia had at least one case of CD. Livramento de Nossa Senhora and Salvador presented the highest disease prevalence and recurrence, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The seroprevalence of T. cruzi infection in these populations was lower than that found in other studies in Brazil but was comparatively higher in densely-populated areas. The demographic characteristics of our population agreed with previous studies.

https://doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0146-2019 1473 downloads

Alterations in the lipid profiles and circulating liver enzymes in individuals infected by Schistosoma mansoni
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Silva, Fabiana Letícia da

; Del-Rei, Rodrigo Pimenta

; Fraga, Déborah Bittencourt Mothé

; Leony, Leonardo Maia

; Souza, Alina Maria Gonzaga Carlos de

; Santos, Fred Luciano Neves

Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical

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Dez 2018, Volume 51 Nº 6 Páginas 795 - 801

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Abstract INTRODUCTION Portal hypertension and periportal fibrosis commonly occur in severe Schistosoma mansoni infection. Changes in lipid profile and elevated levels of circulating liver enzymes have also been described in infected individuals. The present study sought to assess the alterations in laboratory parameters associated with liver disorder in individuals infected by S. mansoni who visited a private routine laboratory service. Levels of circulating liver enzymes (gamma-glutamyl transferase [γ-GT], aspartate transaminase [AST], alanine transaminase [ALT], and alkaline phosphatase [ALP]) and a lipid panel (total cholesterol [COL], high-density lipoprotein [HDL], low-density lipoprotein [LDL], very low-density lipoprotein [VLDL], and triglycerides [TRI]) were evaluated in both infected and non-infected individuals and relative risk was used to measure associations. METHODS Data were collected for analysis from a total of 1,078 cases identified in 379,600 individuals who submitted samples to the Datalab Laboratory (Salvador, Bahia) between 2004 and 2008. RESULTS S. mansoni infection led to increased circulating levels of γ-GT in both women and men, AST (women), and ALP (men). S. mansoni infection was a protective factor against increased levels of TRI, CHO, and VLDL for individuals aged 19 years or older. The results of our analysis indicate that alterations in lipid metabolism and circulating liver enzymes in asymptomatic S. mansoni-infected individuals might be attributed to eggs lodged in the hepatic sinusoids. CONCLUSIONS Parasitological testing for S. mansoni should be indicated in endemic areas when this pattern of alterations is detected.

https://doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0113-2018 1391 downloads

Meloidogyne eggs in human stool in Northeastern Brazil
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Santos, Fred Luciano Neves

; Souza, Alina Maria Gonzaga Carlos de

; Dantas-Torres, Filipe

Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical

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Dez 2016, Volume 49 Nº 6 Páginas 802 - 802

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

https://doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0110-2016 989 downloads

Spatiotemporal analysis of reported cases of acute Chagas disease in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil, from 2002 to 2013
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Santos, Fred Luciano Neves

; Lorena, Virginia Maria Barros de

; Souza, Wayner Vieira de

; Gomes, Yara de Miranda

Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical

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Abr 2015, Volume 48 Nº 2 Páginas 181 - 187

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

INTRODUCTION: Control strategies to eliminate the transmission of Chagas disease by insect vectors have significantly decreased the number of reported acute cases in Brazil. However, data regarding the incidence and distribution of acute Chagas disease cases in the State of Pernambuco are unavailable in the literature. METHODS: A geographical information system was used to delineate the spatiotemporal distribution profile of the cases from 2002 to 2013 in 185 municipalities of Pernambuco based on the municipality where notification occurred. The results were presented in digital maps generated by the TerraView software (INPE). RESULTS: A total of 302 cases of acute disease were recorded in 37.8% of the municipalities, for a total of 0.13 cases per 1,000,000 inhabitants per year. Out of the 302 cases, 99.3% were reported between 2002 and 2006. The most affected municipalities were Carnaubeira da Penha, Mirandiba and Terra Nova. The risk maps showed a significant decrease in the number of notifications and a concentration of cases in the Midwest region. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights a significant decrease in new cases of acute Chagas disease in Pernambuco starting in 2006 when Brazil received an international certification for the interruption of vectorial transmission by Triatoma infestans. However, control strategies should still be encouraged because other triatomine species can also transmit the parasite; moreover, other transmission modes must not be neglected.

https://doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0312-2014 1908 downloads

HOOKWORM AND THREADWORM INFECTIONS AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH HEMOGLOBIN AND EOSINOPHIL CONCENTRATIONS IN RESIDENTS OF SALVADOR-BAHIA, BRAZIL
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Santos, Fred Luciano Neves

; Souza, Alina Maria Gonzaga Carlos de

; Soares, Neci Matos

Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo

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Jul 2013, Volume 55 Nº 4 Páginas 233 - 238

Resumo: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

RESUMO As infecções parasitárias são responsáveis por importantes quadros de morbimortalidade em todo o mundo. A maioria dos indivíduos saudáveis infectados pelo S. stercoralis não apresenta sintomas clínicos evidentes. Entretanto, em casos mais avançados sangramentos gastrintestinais podem estar presentes. A anemia é mais comumente associada à infecção causada pelos ancilostomídeos, especialmente quando centenas de vermes estão presentes. Neste trabalho, a associação entre infecções causadas por ancilostomídeos ou S. stercoralis e as concentrações de hemoglobina e de eosinófilos foi investigada em indivíduos atendidos em uma rede de laboratórios de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Foram examinadas 374.120 amostras de indivíduos de classe média residentes na cidade de Salvador, de janeiro de 2004 a abril de 2008. As amostras de fezes foram analisadas pelos métodos de Lutz e Baermann-Moraes e as de sangue foram avaliadas para determinação da concentração de hemoglobina e do número de eosinófilos. A prevalência de ancilostomídeos e de S. stercoralis foi de 0,27% (1.027 ) e 0,34% (1.286) respectivamente. A prevalência de infecções, tanto por ancilostomídeos quanto por S. stercoralis, foi significativamente maior em homens que em mulheres e aumentava com o aumento da idade. A eosinofilia foi um achado comum tanto em indivíduos infectados por ancilostomídeos como por Strongyloides. A concentração de hemoglobina foi menor nos indivíduos infectados por ancilostomídeos quando comparado aos indivíduos não infectados, embora nenhum paciente apresentasse anemia. A ausência de anemia pode ser devida às boas condições socioeconômicas dos pacientes analisados.

SUMMARY Parasitic infections are responsible for substantial mortality and morbidity worldwide. In most healthy individuals, little overt pathology is observed during infection with S. stercoralis. However, the symptoms in advanced cases may include gastrointestinal bleeding. Anemia is most commonly associated with hookworm infection, especially when several hundred worms are present. Our study evaluates the relationship between the hookworm or S. stercoralis infection status and the hemoglobin concentration of individuals examined by a private network of laboratories in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. We examined 374,120 samples from middle-class individuals living in Salvador City from January 2004 to April 2008. The stool samples were analyzed by the Lutz and Baermann-Moraes methods, and the blood samples were analyzed for hemoglobin concentration and eosinophil counting. The prevalence of hookworm and S. stercoralis were 0.27% (1,027) and 0.34% (1,286), respectively. The prevalence of hookworm and S. stercoralis infection was significantly higher in males than in females and increased with age. Eosinophilia was a common laboratorial finding in individuals infected with hookworm and S. stercoralis. The hemoglobin concentration was lower in the hookworm-infected individuals than in non-infected ones, but none of the examined patients were anemic. Lack of anemia could be a consequence of the socioeconomic status of these patients.

https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036-46652013000400003 6728 downloads

Validation and utilization of PCR for differential diagnosis and prevalence determination of Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar in Salvador City, Brazil
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Santos, Fred Luciano Neves

; Gonçalves, Marilda de Souza

; Soares, Neci Matos

Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Abr 2011, Volume 15 Nº 2 Páginas 119 - 125

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Amoebiasis is an infection caused by Entamoeba histolytica and is a potential health risk in countries in which health barriers are inappropriate. Since the discovery of Entamoeba dispar, the prevalence of amoebiasis has been modified. OBJECTIVE: This study has standardized the PCR technique applied for the diagnosis of different species of the E. histolytica/E. dispar complex and has evaluated the prevalence of infection among patients attending private and public clinical laboratories in Salvador City, Bahia State, Brazil. RESULTS: Analysis of 52,704 stool samples by microscopic examination demonstrated that 1,788 (3.4%) were positive for the E. histolytica/E. dispar complex and infection occurred more often in samples originated from public clinical laboratories (5.0%) than those that came from private laboratories (3.2%). PCR performed in approximately 15% (262) E. histolytica/E. dispar complex positive samples, randomly chosen, amplified 227 samples (86.6%), all of them positive for E. dispar. The non-amplified 35 samples (13.4%) were also negative for E. histolytica-specific galactose adhesin. Moreover, to exclude a probable infection caused by E. hartmanni, morphometric analysis demonstrated that non-amplified samples had cyst sizes comparable to E. histolytica/E. dispar (>10 µm). CONCLUSION: The absence of amplification of these samples indicates the presence of PCR inhibitors in the stool samples or the presence of DNA from Entamoeba species other than E. dispar, E. histolytica or E. hartmanni.

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Mecanismos fisiopatogênicos e diagnóstico laboratorial da infecção causada pela Entamoeba histolytica
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Santos, Fred Luciano Neves

; Soares, Neci Matos

Jornal Brasileiro de Patologia e Medicina Laboratorial

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Ago 2008, Volume 44 Nº 4 Páginas 249 - 261

Resumo: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

A amebíase é a segunda causa de morte entre as doenças parasitárias no mundo. Seu agente etiológico é o protozoário Entamoeba histolytica, que através da secreção de proteinases é capazes de destruir o tecido hospedeiro, matando as células-alvo por contato e fagocitando eritrócitos. Dessa forma, os trofozoítos invadem a mucosa intestinal, provocando a colite amebiana. Em alguns casos atravessam a mucosa e, através da circulação porta, chegam ao fígado, onde causam necrose constituída por poucos trofozoítos rodeados de hepatócitos mortos e debris celulares liquefeitos. Essa invasão está diretamente relacionada com a capacidade de síntese e a secreção de moléculas responsáveis pela virulência dos trofozoítos, como os amebaporos, as lectinas e as cisteína proteinases. O diagnóstico da infecção causada pelo patógeno é rotineiramente realizado através da microscopia óptica de amostras frescas ou espécimes fixados. Entretanto essa metodologia apresenta limitações, sendo incapaz de distinguir as espécies pertencentes ao complexo E. histolytica/E. dispar. A pesquisa de coproantígenos e a reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) têm sido utilizadas para diferenciação desses protozoários em amostras fecais. No entanto, estudos mais aprofundados são necessários para maior compreensão sobre a relação parasita/hospedeiro, a proteômica e a genômica do protozoário, o desenvolvimento de vacinas e a real prevalência dessa infecção no Brasil e no mundo.

Amebiasis is the second cause of death among parasitary diseases in the world. Its etiologic agent is the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica, which destroys the host tissue by means of the secretion of proteinases, kills the target-cells by contact and phagocytizes erythrocytes. Accordingly, the trophozoites invade the intestinal mucosa, what causes amoebaean colitis. In some cases, they pass through the mucosa and reach the liver through the portal system, where they cause necrosis, which is composed of a few trophozoites surrounded by dead hepatocytes and liquefied cellular debris. This invasion is directly related to the synthesis capacity and secretion of molecules responsible for the virulence of trophozoites such as amoebapores, lectins and cysteine proteinases. The diagnosis of infection caused by this pathogen is routinely performed through optical microscopy of fresh samples or fixed specimens. However this methodology presents limitations insofar as it is unable to distinguish the specimens belonging to the complex E. histolytica /E. dispar. The research on coproantigens and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method have been used to differentiate these protozoa in fecal samples. However further studies are required for a better understanding of the host-parasite relationship, the proteomics and genomics of the protozoa, the development of vaccines and the real prevalence of this infection in Brazil and worldwide.

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10.

Epidemiologia, fisiopatogenia e diagnóstico laboratorial da infecção pelo HTLV-I
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Santos, Fred Luciano Neves

; Lima, Fernanda Washington de Mendonça

Jornal Brasileiro de Patologia e Medicina Laboratorial

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Abr 2005, Volume 41 Nº 2 Páginas 105 - 116

Resumo: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

O HTLV-I foi descoberto no início dos anos 1980 e associado a leucemia/linfoma de células T (LLTA) e paraparesia espástica tropical (PET). O HTLV pertence à família Retroviridae e tem um genoma de RNA de fita simples com uma estrutura genética similar à dos demais retrovírus, possuindo os genes gag, pol, env e pX. Este último contém os genes reguladores tax e rex. Tax e Rex são as principais proteínas reguladoras do genoma viral, sendo que Tax regula a transcrição do genoma proviral indiretamente ao interagir com diferentes proteínas regulatórias celulares, principalmente genes de citocinas e protoncogenes, e Rex atua como um regulador pós-transcricional do genoma do HTLV-I ao controlar o processamento (splicing) do RNAm viral. Essa infecção é endêmica em diversas regiões do mundo, tais como Japão, vários países da África, Caribe e América do Sul. No Brasil, Salvador é a cidade de maior prevalência, atingindo 1,7% da população geral. A maioria dos indivíduos infectados pelo HTLV-I permanece assintomática no decorrer de suas vidas, correspondendo a aproximadamente 95%. Dos indivíduos sintomáticos, alguns desenvolvem PET e outros, LLTA, sem que suas fisiopatogenias estejam perfeitamente esclarecidas. O diagnóstico rotineiro da infecção causada pelo HTLV-I baseia-se na detecção sorológica de anticorpos específicos para antígenos das diferentes porções do vírus ou através da pesquisa de seqüências genômicas provirais em células mononucleares periféricas. Ainda não existe nenhum estudo epidemiológico com bases populacionais e com metodologias adequadas sobre a infecção pelo HTLV-I que permita conhecer sua real prevalência no Brasil.

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) has been identified as the causative agent of both adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Similar to other retroviruses, HTLV-I has a positive strand RNA diploid genome consisting of four genes: gag, pol, env and pX. The pX region codes for the two regulatory proteins tax and rex. Tax protein is essential for efficient virus expression and plays an important role for activation of cellular genes, such as cytokine genes and protooncogenes. Rex protein induces the expression of unspliced and single spliced mRNAs and regulates a fine balance between the levels of expression of the viral proteins. HTLV-I is widely spread throughout the world. It is endemic in Japan, Africa, the Caribbean and South America. In Brazil, Salvador city shows the highest HTLV-I prevalence rate (1.7%) of the country. It has been established that a vast majority (nearly 95%) of HTLV-I-infected individuals will remain asymptomatic throughout their life. The mechanisms by which HTLV-I causes diseases are not fully elucidated. The HTLV-I diagnosis is based on serologic detection of specific antibodies against several antigens of the virus or through amplification of proviral sequences in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells. However, there is not an epidemiological study with populational bases and suitable methodology in order to estimate its real prevalence in Brazil.

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11.

Comparison of the thick smear and Kato-Katz techniques for diagnosis of intestinal helminth infections
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Santos, Fred Luciano Neves

; Cerqueira, Elúzio José Lima

; Soares, Neci Matos

Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical

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Abr 2005, Volume 38 Nº 2 Páginas 196 - 198

Resumo: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a eficiência dos métodos de Kato-Katz e sedimentação espontânea para o diagnóstico das helmintíases intestinais. A sensibilidade da técnica de sedimentação espontânea foi superior aquela encontrada pelo método de Kato-Katz para o diagnóstico de todos os helmintos, exceto para Schistosoma mansoni.

This study compared the efficiency of Kato-Katz thick smear and thick smear techniques for the diagnosis of intestinal helminths. The sensitivity of the thick smear technique was higher than that of the Kato-Katz method for the diagnosis of all helminths except Schistosoma mansoni.

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12.

Prevalência da infecção pelo vírus linfotrópico humano de células T e fatores de risco associados à soropositividade em doadores de sangue da cidade de Rio Branco, AC, Brasil (1998-2001)
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Colin, Denise Duizit

; Alcântara, Luiz Carlos Júnior

; Santos, Fred Luciano Neves

; Uchôa, Rita

; Tavares-Neto, José

Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical

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Dez 2003, Volume 36 Nº 6 Páginas 677 - 983

Resumo: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Para cada doador de sangue soropositivo (ELISA, Abbott®) para HTLV-I/II, de dezembro de 1998 a março de 2001, também foram selecionados dois soronegativos. As amostras séricas foram re-testadas pelo ELISA (Murex®) e aquelas que permaneceram soropositivas foram testadas pelo Western Blot e pela PCR. Das 11.121 amostras séricas, 73 (0,66%) foram positivas (Abbott®), mas somente 12 (0,11%) permaneceram positivas (Murex®), enquanto que as 146 soronegativas foram confirmadas, apesar de ser sofrível o índice de concordância entre os dois ELISA. O Western Blot confirmou as 12 amostras como soropositivas: 8 (0,07%) HTLV-I; duas (0,02%) HTLV-II e duas (0,02%) indeterminadas - sendo pela PCR uma pelo HTLV-I e a outra pelo HTLV-II. Em conclusão, nessa população da Amazônia Ocidental foi muito baixa a soroprevalência de HTLV-I/II, apesar de ser esperada maior prevalência do HTLV-II devido a grande miscigenação racial indígena.

Between December 1998 and March 2001, for each HTLV-I/II seropositive blood donor (ELISA, Abbott®), two HTLV-I/II seronegative blood donors were also chosen. The blood samples were re-tested by ELISA (Murex®), and those seropositives were also tested by western blot and PCR. Of the 11,121 blood samples, 73 (0.66%) were positives (Abbott®), but only 12 (0.11%) remained positives (Murex®), whereas the 146 seronegatives were confirmed, even though the concordance index between these two ELISA tests was hopeless. The Western Blot confirmed the twelve blood samples as seropositives: 8 (0.07%) HTLV-I; two (0.02%) HTLV-II and two (0.02%) indeterminate, being by PCR, one HTLV-I and the other HTLV-II. Concluding, in this Western Amazon population the HTLV-I/II seroprevalence was too low, in spite of the greater prevalence of HTLV-II expected due to a great indigenous racial mixture.

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casos de dengue no Brasil em 2015, use:
ti:dengue and publication_year:2015 and aff_country:Brasil

Veja abaixo a lista completa de índices de pesquisa que podem ser usados:

Cód. do Índice	Elemento
ti	título do artigo
au	autor
kw	palavras-chave do artigo
subject	assunto (palavras do título, resumo e palavras-chave)
ab	resumo
ta	título abreviado da revista (ex. Cad. Saúde Pública)
journal_title	título completo da revista (ex. Cadernos de Saúde Pública)
la	código do idioma da publicação (ex. pt - Português, es - Espanhol)
type	tipo do documento
pid	identificador da publicação
publication_year	ano de publicação do artigo
sponsor	financiador
aff_country	código do país de afiliação do autor
aff_institution	instituição de afiliação do autor
volume	volume do artigo
issue	número do artigo
elocation	elocation
doi	número DOI
issn	ISSN da revista
in	código da coleção SciELO (ex. scl - Brasil, col - Colômbia)
use_license	código da licença de uso do artigo

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